
Giorgio Piola's F1 technical analysis
The hidden tech fight that will define F1 2021
An extremely important Formula 1 battle has been brewing away from the track in 2020, and enters its most important phase as the clock ticks past midnight on December 31.

At that point, the 2021 regulations come into force and teams will be able to conduct CFD and wind tunnel work with their 2022 designs.
Working on aero for the new era is something that’s been prohibited until now, even though teams have had sight of the regulations for some time.
The reason that the FIA has restricted simulation work in this way is that it didn’t want to hand the teams with more resources an advantage over those further down the grid.
Amid the challenges of the coronavirus pandemic, ensuring no huge disparity between the teams with money to burn and those without cash was considered a high priority.
But, there are further ramifications to consider too, as the teams will be handicapped differently going into 2021, as Formula 1’s new sliding scale system for aero development comes into force.
Championship Position | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10+ or a new team |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 90% | 92.5% | 95% | 97.5% | 100% | 102.5% | 105% | 107.5% | 110% | 112.5% |
2022-2025 | 70% | 75% | 80% | 85% | 90% | 95% | 100% | 105% | 110% | 115% |
The amount of simulation time that’s available to each team will now be governed by their position in the championship, creating a curve that should offset some of the glaring differences that teams have in terms of resources.
If we consider how this impacts wind tunnel time in 2021, the reference of 100% wind on time is equal to 80 hours, with 320 runs and tunnel occupancy at 400 hours.
This means Mercedes will have 72 hours, 288 runs and 360 hours of occupancy, whilst Williams will have 90 hours, 360 runs and 450 occupancy hours.
The tilting scale grows to an even more significant number from 2022 onwards too, with the lead constructor allowed just 70% of the agreed wind tunnel time and CFD limits.
There is further nuance to the system to consider too though, as the year is also split up into six testing periods which are then affected by the team’s position in both the previous championship and the current one, with each taken into account depending on the period in question.
It is hoped that, over time, this system will close the gap between the competitors but, as with every regulation, there will be ways in which teams can find advantages.
Mercedes, knowing it is going to be hurt more than anyone else on the grid by these changes, seems to have approached the task in a way that’s out of step to its competitors.
For it appears to have fast tracked its 2021 work into early 2020, with the development of the W11 receding much sooner than you’d normally expect.
After all, the W11 was the most dominant car in the field and the fastest in Formula 1’s history, which gave Mercedes the headroom it needed to halt upgrade work early and focus its attention more longer term.

Mercedes F1 W11 front wing comparison
Photo by: Giorgio Piola
To get an idea of how early it switched off the 2020 pipeline, we last saw a significant development from Mercedes at the Tuscan Grand Prix in September. There, the team introduced a new front wing with a different flap configuration that’s been on and off the car since, depending on the characteristics of the circuit in question.
That doesn’t mean it has not developed the car at all since then though, as there’s always improvements being made throughout the course of a season, especially in terms of weight saving. But, there’s been very little in terms of aerodynamic statement pieces.
Meanwhile, in that same period, we’ve seen the likes of Red Bull and Ferrari, which have comparable resources, completely alter the DNA of their cars, pulling them relatively closer to the front of the pack.
Ferrari SF1000 rear wing endplate comparison

Photo by: Giorgio Piola
Ferrari SF1000 nose inlet detail

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Ferrari SF1000 front wing Russian GP comparison

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Ferrari SF1000 new bargeboard detail

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Ferrari SF1000 front wing Emilia-Romagna GP

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Ferrari SF1000 detail diffuser

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Ferrari SF1000 diffuser

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Red Bull RB16 rear suspension detailed

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Red Bull RB16 halo fins

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Red Bull Racing RB16 front wing end plate comparison

Photo by: Giorgio Piola
Red Bull Racing RB16 exhaust comparison

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Red Bull Racing RB16 front wing, Turkish GP

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Red Bull Racing RB16 rear, single pillar

Photo by: Giorgio Piola
The changes made by both in the backend of the season have clearly helped to improve its fortunes, but that’s not to say that the work it has done won’t continue to bear fruit into 2021, especially as we have a huge amount of carry over.
Looking to the future
The obvious conclusion to draw here is that Mercedes has spent a large portion of this season concentrating its efforts quietly on 2021, forsaking any larger gains for 2020 in the process.
It will hope the early development of its 2021 challenger will allow it to spend a disproportionate amount of time on its 2022 design, potentially offsetting the percentage losses that the sliding scale will have on it compared to its rivals.
Moreover, the regulations only go as far as limiting the team’s abilities to simulate the aerodynamic impact of its designs.
Therefore, as the clock ticks past the deadline I’d expect teams to have various iterations of their CAD models and scale wind tunnel models ready to test.
And based on what we’ve seen from Mercedes this year, you’d have to expect it will have a head start in that regard.

2021 F1 rules model
Photo by: Giorgio Piola
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About this article
Series | Formula 1 |
Author | Giorgio Piola |
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